Nobuyuki Takashima Kyushu University   #202, Karumu hakozaki 3-15-1 Hakozaki Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-0053 Japan   ntakashima@econ.kyushu-u.ac.jp             JEL Areas: F5 : International Relations and International Political Economy: General H8 : Public Economics: Miscellaneous Issues: General