Alastair Ball Birkbeck, University of London   EMS Department Birkbeck, University of London London, WC1E 7HX U.K.   Alastair.Ball@bbk.ac.uk             JEL Areas: I1 : Health: General N3 : Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: General, International, or Comparative