Wataru Johdo Tokyo Keizai University   Faculty of Economics Tokyo Keizai University 1-7-34 Minami-cho Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8502 Japan   johdo@tku.ac.jp             JEL Areas: D9 : Intertemporal Choice and Growth: General E6 : Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General