Abdelkader Aguir ESPI2R, Groupe ESPI/ University of Sousse, FSEGS Lab MOFID   ESPI Lyon 95 Rue Marietton Lyon, France 69009 France   a.aguir@groupe-espi.fr             JEL Areas: E5 : Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General E4 : Money and Interest Rates: General