Clarisse Nguedam ntouko CERDI-CNRS / Université d'Auvergne, France   40 Rue Alexandre Ribot Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 FRANCE   cl_nguedam@yahoo.fr             JEL Areas: E2 : Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: General (includes Measurement and Data) O1 : Economic Development: General