Hanako Ohmura Professor, School of Public Policy, Kwansei Gakuin Univeristy   2-1, Gakuen Sanda-shi Sanda-shi, Hyougo-ken 6691337 Japan   hanakohmura@kwansei.ac.jp             JEL Areas: E2 : Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: General (includes Measurement and Data) E3 : Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data)