Gilles Dufrénot Banque de France, CEPII, Université d'Aix-Marseille, AMSE, France   Banque de France 31 rue Croix des Petits Champs Paris cedex 01, 75049 France   lopaduf@aol.com     Biographical Sketch: Gilles Dufrénot is Professor of Economics at the University of Paris 12, Assistant Professor at the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées and Senior Researcher at GREQAM. His fields of research cover applied macroeconomics and Finance. Subject of interest are : transition and development macroeconomics, nonlinear econometric, Macroeconometric models, Real exchange rates and monetary policy. He recently published a book on nonlinear cointegration at the Kluwer Academic publisher( Boston and Dordrecht.   Primary Research Focus: Transition and low income countries, nonlinear econometrics, exchange rate, macro-models   JEL Areas: E4 : Money and Interest Rates: General C5 : Econometric Modeling: General