First Author:   Pavel Diev Banque de France pavel.diev@banque-france.fr   31 rue Croix des Petits Champs Paris, 75079, France   33 1 42 92 49 50(Phone) 33 1 42 92 49 50(Fax) Second Author: Walid Hichri University of Lyon, CNRS, GATE hichri@gate.cnrs.fr   Lyon, 69007, France