Abdelkader Aguir FSEG Sousse Lab MOFID and Laboratoire ESPI2R (Groupe ESPI)   ESPI Lyon 95 Rue Marietton Lyon, France 69009 France   a.aguir@groupe-espi.fr             JEL Areas: E : Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics E5 : Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General