First Author:   Tomomichi Mizuno Competition Policy Research Center, Japan Fair Trade Commission tomomichi_mizuno@jftc.go.jp   Competition Policy Research Center,, Japan Fair Trade Commission,, 1-1-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,, 100-8987, Japan       Second Author: Koki Arai Competition Policy Research Center, Japan Fair Trade Commission koki_arai@jftc.go.jp         Third Author: Chizuru Ikeda Graduate School of Law, Kobe University cikeda@kobe-u.ac.jp         Fourth Author: Nobufumi Nishimura Faculty of Economics, University of Toyama nnishimu@eco.u-toyama.ac.jp