First Author:   Katsuyoshi Nakazawa Toyo University nakazawa@toyo.jp   5-18-20, Hakusan Bunkyo-ku, 112-8606, Japan   +81339454640(Phone) +81339454640(Fax) Second Author: Tomohisa Miyashita The University of Kitakyusyu Institute for Urban and Regional Policy Studies t-miyashita@kitakyu-u.ac.jp   4-2-1, Kokuraminami-ku Kitakyushu-shi, 802-8577, Japan