First Author:   Refk Selmi IRMAPE-ESC Pau Business School; CATT University of Pau, France s.refk@yahoo.fr         Second Author: Jamal Bouoiyour IRMAPE-ESC Pau Business School; CATT University of Pau, France jamal.bouoiyour@univ-pau.fr         Third Author: Mark E. Wohar University of Nebraska, USA; Loughborough University, UK. mwohar@unomaha.edu